3.6 Image consciousness

Image consciousness

“I am asking you to defeat not one, but two great empires, each the largest to have existed in their respective realms, neither of which have lost half an inch of territory in the entire history of their existence.”

Candragupta stared at his Professor.

“But how, Professor?” he asked genuinely. “You have taught that a country that shares long contiguous borders with enemies on both sides lives perpetually in a fundamentally untenable position – even if we successfully unify the kingdoms of Sindh and the Punjab, that is precisely the situation in which we find ourselves, and you propose we fight a war on both fronts, defeating both the Magadhas and the Greeks? How, Professor?”

A distorted image of the fireplace’s sparks appeared as reflections in Cāṇakya’s eyes as he stoked the embers of its dimming light.

“We will exploit their strengths and use them against each other,” he said, “Then swoop in to seize victory.”

Candragupta intently pored over the map that he had been asked to retrieve.

“Are you not worried, Professor, that inviting the Greeks to fight Magadha will introduce a new source of chaos into what is already a mess of a situation?”

Cāṇakya fanned the smoke.

“The Greeks are not strong enough to invade Magadha successfully – of this, I am certain,” said Cāṇakya. Then he continued: “There is a great deal of respect that I have possessed, over the years, for Alexander. From what I have learned from merchants who frequent the West, he brought to many of Persia’s Western provinces a splendid culture of learning and thought, great improvements in infrastructure, urbanization and trade, he honours the sciences and possesses a great strategic acumen.”

“Professor … ?”

“And yet this supposedly honourable ruler has, upon crossing the Hindu Kush mountains, committed brutal atrocities against innocent civilians. Why so? Destroying the Sauvīrāyana University of the Mūṣikas did Alexander no benefit – yet he put the entire city to the sword, murdering the men, enslaving the children and forcing suicide upon the women. Why?”

Candragupta thought for a while, then recalled an old lesson of Cāṇakya’s:

“Because it feels like progress. It is like attempting to cross the desert even knowing that the task requires a larger jug of water than that in one’s possession. Crossing the desert halfway does you no good – indeed, it does a great deal of harm – yet, it feels like progress.”

“It feels like progress, to an animalistic mind that is not capable of distinguishing between fighting and winning. And in such desperation – his inability to fathom that this country is unconquerable to him – even the most strategic minds become animalistic, resorting to fighting rather than winning. Even as Alexander claims he stopped at the Vipāśa river because of his army’s mutiny, he knows this cannot be true, as his army would have been equally reluctant to continue South – no, it is because he is completely aware that he is himself incapable of conquering Magadha.”

“And yet you believe that I can do it? You wish to instigate a war between the Greeks and Magadha that will sufficiently weaken them both for us to vanquish them both at the last moment. But if you do not believe the Greeks pose a credible threat to Magadha – do you then plan to first weaken Magadha, transmit some security information to the Greeks?”

“I shall do nothing of the sort, and neither will you. Weakening the strong, and strengthening the weak – causes instability – causes a state of perpetual war, and this is not what I want with the Greeks. I wish for you to one day acquire the throne of Magadha, and then I will wish for the Greeks to be in submission to you, I will not wish for you to reign over a weakened state.”

“You wish to have Magadha weakened now, when they are your enemies, and strong in the future, when it belongs to you? … How will you simultaneously achieve both those goals, Professor?”

Cāṇakya smiled.

The flame flared.

“I will play a game.”

scheme_5

scheme_5

Whoever is rising in power may break the agreement of peace.

Spies previously set about to work under the enemy and attend on the hostaged prince – carpenters, artisans, other spies – dancers, actors, singers, instrument-players, buffoons, court-bards, swimmers, magicians – prostitutes and women spies under the garb of wives – with the unrestricted right to enter, stay at and leave the palace at any time, may take the prince away at night through and underground tunnel dug for the purpose – or placing him in a garb carrying or concealed under pipes, utensils vessels, clothes, beds, seats or other articles, by workers such as – cooks, confectioners, bathing servants, servants who carry conveyances, who make the bed, who make toilets, who dress, who procure water, who procure items in the dark – or he may be disguised as such a servant.

Or he may pretend to be in communion with the god Varuna in a reservoir through a tunnel at night while spies under the guise of grocers may poison the sentinels – or fire may be set to stores of commercial articles. In view of avoiding the fear of pursuit, he may place a human body in the house he occupied, set fire to it and escape by breaking open some house-joints or a window, or through a tunnel – or disguise himself as a transporter of commodities like glass beads or pots – or as an ascetic after entering the residence of one – or as a forest recluse – or as someone suffering from a peculiar disease – or as a corpse – or as a widowed wife, following a corpse being carried away – or in the midst of carts and cart-drivers – and spies disguised as forest-people should misguide pursuers by pointing in an incorrect direction.

If he is closely followed, he may lead the pursuers to an ambush, or in the absence of an ambush leave gold or morsels of poisoned food by the sides of the road and take a different road. If he is captured, he should try to win over the pursuers by conciliation and other means, or poison them, or fight them with a concealed sword and the help of sentinels and previously-concealed spies. Or the king may accuse the enemy of the prince’s murder and attack them.

—Kautilya, in the Arthaśāstra, 7.17:33-61

sakadala_dhanananda
sakadala_dhanananda

O Emperor Dhanānanda – Lord of the empire headed at Magadha, the greatest realm of the Earth in terms of land, population and wealth – son of the deceased former Emperor Mahāpadma, vanquisher of the Pañcālas and of various Southern Nāga tribes – the following is communicated to you in utmost urgency by your humble slave, sworn to loyalty and to your service, Prime Minister Sakadala.

By now, you are aware that Prince Pabbata has freed the princes of the Yaudheya, Ārjunāyana, Trigarta, Rajanya, Ushinara, Jyabaneya, Dharteya, Bharga and many other Western frontier states, who had been kept as hostage in the Pāṭaliputra Dungeons to maintain peace and to extract tribute.

Truth be told, I am hardly worthy of your forgiveness in allowing such a heist to take place right under your very palace.

I will, regardless of what punishment you deem appropriate for me, identify the traitors who perpetrated this crime and bring them to you for execution – I have already taken every individual connected to the prison system and wall security into custody for interrogation. Answers are being extracted, and I will act on them swiftly.

I have dispatched spies to re-capture the freed princes from the bordering states, and this shall be done swiftly.

In view of preventing external support to the rebellion in Magadha, I advise the immediate fortification of the Uttarapatha and other subsidiary roads near the Western frontier with 1500 elephant corps and supporting troops, with widespread organized parades and demonstrations of strength, in full view and hearing of the dwellers of important cities near the border. I further advise the deployment of spies to the bordering states to sabotage their siege equipment, to cause strife within their countries, and to liberate your nephews who have been kept hostage in their forts, in view of the fact that our peace with them has already been sabotaged.


“O prince!” cried Rūpakośa, “Oh, prince Augraseniya! I do admire the courage with which you have taken this news!”

Augraseniya nodded, a thoughtful look on his face.

“Why,” continued the prostitute who had quickly become the prince’s favourite – and perhaps his most trusted friend and confidante – in the matter of mere months, “If I were in your place, O prince, which I could never be deserving of course, I would be shaking, trembling, with every possible emotion one may have – at the conspiracies being plotted against me before my very eyes!”

The crown prince of Magadha let out a sigh. “I have long accepted Pabbata’s betrayal, my beloved. In truth, I never quite trusted my youngest brother – no, I always found him to be lacking in loyalty, but it was only my generosity that stopped me from expressing this thought out loud!”

“But to find out that even the Prime Minister is jealous of your position, prince? You do not even seem shocked by this – instead, you seem to have accepted such behaviour from your court-mates as a political reality, and focused your efforts on action. I truly, truly admire your strength, O prince!”

Augraseniya stopped dead in his tracks. It was not the first time, at all, that Rūpakośa had dropped such a revelation, seemingly assuming that Augraseniya had already figured it out for himself, and spoken conspiratorially of the same – no, no, of course he had already thought of it for himself, he was just surprised that Rūpakośa had as well. But he should no longer be so surprised – she was obviously no ordinary prostitute – much like his grandfather had been no ordinary son of a barber – no, she was fit to be his queen!

“Then you can surely also see precisely what action it is that I am going to take, can’t you, Rūpakośa?”

(It was an attempt to fish for more information, but Augraseniya caused himself to believe that it was truly just him behaving conspiratorially with his queen.)

“I can certainly now see the wisdom of your earlier act – of convincing Emperor Dhanānanda to give you equal say over the deployment of military troops and over relations with neighbouring states.”

The prince was starting to see what Rūpakośa was saying, but was still fearful of saying it explicitly himself to check, lest he embarrass himself. So he merely hummed in response.

Rūpakośa shook her head in indignation. “To think the Prime Minister is conspiring with Pabbata … against you, against the Emperor!”

WHAT?” (Augraseniya immediately cursed himself for giving it away, but Rūpakośa didn’t seem to suspect anything – or so he hoped, anyway.)

“Forgive me for saying it out loud, prince! Forgive my tactlessness. But that is the plan, isn’t it? By sending away the most elite of Magadhi troops to the Western border, the security of Magadha’s interior country will be weakened, the most crucial heartland left assailable to Pabbata! By sending spies to the neighbouring states, Magadha will gain their enmity – they may aid Pabbata in his war, or use your cousins as hostage to extract favours from their fathers who hold positions in Magadha’s government – and even if the Prime Minister is able to somehow free some of them, he will surely use them to his own advantage, against you! It is a move that accomplishes several things – I am disgusted by it, O prince!”

“I knew that, of course.” (Despite knowing the gravity of all that his queen had just told him, Augraseniya found himself caring more about his image in her eyes than about acting on these revelations and securing his power.) “And of course … of course that is Sakadala’s plan, because he knows what the right course of action here would be.”

The prince had oft-encountered, that such conspiratorial talk from him would elicit an actual underlying meaning that he hadn’t intended from Rūpakośa – no, of course he had intended, had implied it, that was the point, he just wished to test her—

“Of course!” his queen exclaimed, “Sakadala knows to not escalate things with the neighbouring states so far so quickly – for even as your father may be more powerful than they are, Magadha is currently plagued with problems and stands divided, and the continual presence of enemies on its borders will surely weaken it by the time you ascend its throne!” (Augraseniya nodded thoughtfully) “Surely he knows that the right strategy here would be to, say, initiate a trade war with the neighbouring kingdoms to warn them to back down … ”

prostitutes
prostitutes

prostitutes

With a view to enhance the splendour of prostitutes holding the royal umbrella, golden pitcher, and fan, and attending upon the king seated on his royal litter, throne, or chariot, prostitutes shall be classified as of first, middle and highest rank according to their beauty and splendid jewellery; likewise their salary shall be fixed by thousands.

—Kautilya, in the Arthaśāstra, 2.27:4

Something big was happening, Augraseniya realized.

When that boy Cāṇakya had arrived in Pāṭaliputra so many years ago, he hadn’t gone empty-handed – he had made friends, allies – in the Dungeons and among internal security personnel, but also among the ruling houses of Magadha. It was not only Pabbata who had freed him, but he had made one more friend, close to the throne.

(Of course. Sakadala was a Brāhmaṇa. There was no way that he would be content in living as a mere servant to a king, he would always wish to be master himself. That was the great mistake that Grandfather had made in appointing a Brāhmaṇa advisor in accordance with the customs of the Western realms – they were an ambitious people, power-seeking, never simply content with what they had.)

And so a great alliance had been forged that day, with the following agreement: the countries to the West of the empire would be conquered by Candragupta in Father’s name, while Pabbata would campaign to acquire Father’s empire itself; these two realms – the Western half, ruled by Cāṇakya and Candragupta, and the Eastern half, ruled by Sakadala and Pabbata – would, federalized, form one great empire, ruling over all Āryāvarta undivided.

And Augraseniya and his line would be no part of it.

This seemed to hardly bother Father, who seemed content as long as he could live the rest of his life with minimal discomfort – why would he care? It didn’t affect his reign after all, Pabbata would hardly commit patricide, and his line would continue regardless of who succeeded him.

And so Augraseniya was left to act for himself.

Thus he wrote, to Rūpakośa’s diction.

augraseniya_father
augraseniya_father

Father,

This is a message from your loyal son and true successor, Augraseniya.

I have come to realize that at its core, Pabbata’s war is against me, not against you. And it is I who must fight it.

In letting the offender Cāṇakya go free, you have provided Pabbata with a critical resource in his war against me: namely, the support of all our neighbouring states. Likewise, I ask that you also provide me with the resources that are rightfully mine, command over at least a portion of those resources that I am truly fighting to secure for Magadha.

Namely, I request final say, as well as direct command in emergencies, over the positioning of imperial troops, over spies, over trade policy and foreign relations and management of the logistics of the Northern Highway. My commands on this matter will overrule Sakadala’s opinion on every count.

In my first decision since assuming this command: I overrule Sakadala’s assignment of additional troops to the Western border, as well as his dispatch of spies to the Western kingdoms. I order, in place of these actions, a full ban on the transmit of all persons and items in or out of Magadhi territory. All messages or essential goods for trade will be exchanged at a heavily-guarded checkpoint on the Westernmost extreme of our territory on the Uttarapatha.

Furthermore, I will hereby take command of all operations started by Sakadala to identify and capture Pabbata’s spies in our midst, whether in the dungeons, in security, in any other government employment or otherwise.

I request your generosity in allowing me to proceed so, Father. I trust nobody but you, in this war.

godliness_3
godliness_3

“Magadha has reacted precisely as you predicted, Professor,” said the chief of the Ārjunāyanas, “First, they blocked all trade links with the Ayudhajivi states, threatening to escalate into a full war if we do not resume paying tribute and send our princes back to them as hostages. Next, we received a communication from crown prince Augraseniya, offering great rewards should we support him in crushing Pabbata.”

It was almost as if Cāṇakya was omniscient – and omnipotent. Vṛṣṇiman wondered if the former was a result of the latter – that Cāṇakya’s apparent omniscience was because he was, in fact, somehow the one orchestrating all that was observed. The thought made him uneasy.

“At the end of the day,” the dark silhouette said, “Most people don’t really do much besides follow simple protocols that occur to them without much thought. Pretend there is a split within your faction and send conflicting messages to your enemy from each side, one hardline and one sympathetic … These powerful kings like pretending the machinery their states run on is something inaccessible or incomprehensible, but one who has actually dealt with them on a very intricate level knows just how simplistic and blatantly flawed these systems often are.”

Six hundred kilomiles East, in Pāṭaliputra, a woman wept, disgusted at the man she laid with.

“Guide me, Professor,” she had said some years ago, “To my revenge on that wicked lowlife who slew my husband. As long as you will help me achieve this goal, I am yours to wield as a weapon, regardless of whatever be your ulterior motive.”

Faking her pleasure for the barbarian scum that was the crown prince of Magadha, she closed her eyes and recalled her husband’s image, swearing that it would never fade out of her memory. Swearing to herself: my body may now be defiled, but my soul will always belong to my husband, and my mind to Professor Cāṇakya.

She clutched the pendant around her wrist – the small capsule of poison – and resisted the unstoppable urge to use it.

Not today. Not until her goal was complete.

(And not on herself, of course.)

(A month later, Emperor Dhanānanda was found dead in his bedroom.)